Tuesday, 14 December 2021

A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE YONGALA DISASTER.




Flat Top to Dent Island.



Yongala departed Flat Top, Mackay, 1.40 p.m., Thursday, 23 March. She was in relatively light / tender condition (somewhat top heavy). Cargo weight amounted to 29% of maximum load and 164 tons of stabilising pig iron ballast had been removed because it caused a jerky recovery uncomfortable for passengers.


Captain Knight elected to depart for Townsville despite strengthening wind from the southeast and a falling barometer. I believe the decision was based on an assumption that the weather system was coming up the coast, rather than one into which they would be steaming. 

There was no cyclone warning.

Heading north to Townsville and believing they could outrun the weather, Yongala made an average of 16 knots assisted by a 2 knot current. Yongala passed Dent Island, inside passage, Whitsundays, at about 5 p.m. (erroneously reported as 6 p.m.) and was subsequently confirmed to be seen by residents (witnesses) of Cannon Valley Beach, an hour's steaming from Dent Island and which coincided with dusk, roughly 6 p.m.. This was the riskier but quicker, inside passage passing between Armit and Gumbrell Islands. 



via Cannon Valley, Inside Passage.



Having cleared the Whitsundays without mishap, Yongala headed northwest in open water parallel with the coast and the outer Barrier Reef. She cleared Nares Rock without difficulty and arrived at a position 11.5 miles out from Cape Bowling Green Light, 17.7 miles from where Grantala lay anchored to the west due to deteriorating weather conditions.

We know from the chronometer time, 11.45 p.m. (conclusive in my opinion) and a wreck site within the large steamer track, that the disaster must have been sudden and catastrophic. Also, the time and site matches a plausible average of 16 knots (favourable, 2 knot current confirmed by Captain Craig of the Yawata Maru).

My belief is that the intense cyclonic system +/- 15 miles in diameter was actually a hybrid cyclone (see image below) predominated by a gale from the south - the masters who experienced the storm reported gale force wind directions in keeping with this.

By the time Yongala was almost upon the eye of the cyclone, the gale would have shifted rapidly and violently from south to north, bringing the wind force to bear on the top heavy steamer's starboard bow and beam. 

Heading northwest, Captain Knight would have been confronted by an unfolding catastrophe and certain knowledge of Yongala's inability to recover quickly enough in such conditions. I believe he attempted to bring the steamer's bow into the gale. 

What followed must have been extreme and sudden in my opinion, Yongala capsizing within minutes. The rudder is still in the half to starboard position and the wreck lies facing north. If there had been enough time for recovery, I assume the rudder would have been corrected to maintain the heading.

An explosion was heard by residents south of the disaster site, suggesting that the furnaces burning under full steam reacted to the cold sea water rushing in or the explosion of a distress socket signal.

The main hatch was compromised as the steamer foundered and lighter cargo in hold 3 liberated into the tumultuous sea. 

Passengers would no doubt have been confined to cabins due to conditions, essentially trapped as the disaster unfolded. 

I choose to believe that Yongala foundered so quickly there was little time for protracted suffering and Yongala's 122 souls now rest in peace, cosetted by some of the Coral Sea's most illustrious and doting residents.  



Dent Island to wreck site.



wreck site about 11.5 miles off Cape Bowling Green.






Max Gleeson presents an engaging theory based on dive observations that lifeboats on the starboard side of Yongala were swung out in preparation for evacuation of the ship rather than a sudden, extreme event. This might very well have been the case, however:

A great deal of wreckage was subsequently discovered after the disaster spanning large swathes of the coast from Cape Bowling Green to Palm Island in the north. No lifeboat(s) or section thereof from the starboard side were discovered. Only a section of lifeboat 1 from the port side was found, suggesting that no one escaped Yongala. Also, if there were preparations to get passengers off the ship, bodies wearing lifebelts would likely have been discovered adrift. Historians believe that most of the human remains are trapped within the hull.

A possible reason for starboard davits being in the 'swung out' position could be precautionary or due to forces associated with Yongala coming to rest on her starboard side. 

The following extract gives us an idea of the forces unleashed by the cyclone:

Cairns Post, 17 October, 1911. 

Captain McKenzie further stated that 
between Cape Upstart and Cape Bowling 
Green there is now visible in the bush the 
track of the awful south-west tornado, which
it is believed drove the Yongala out onto
Broadhurst Reef. For a width of fifteen miles
the whole of the trees, including many immense
ones, being torn out by the roots and levelled.

It is clear from this description that Yongala was subjected to an intense, narrow, system of formidable force, causing her to capsize rapidly. One could argue that such a force would have destroyed even the most 'stable' of vessels.


The Week, Brisbane, 31 March, 1911.

A veteran master mariner firmly adheres
to the belief that the vessel turned turtle
in the cyclone, and explains the fact that
the cargo mentioned had come ashore by
pointing out that it was quite likely that the 
cargo of the overturned vessel falling upon 
the hatches, would burst them open, the 
lighter portion finding its way to the surface.


courtesy Trove


For all readers with an in interest in this subject Max Gleeson's online video, 'Mystery of a Generation' is compelling and beautifully compiled.

http://www.maxgleeson.com/

courtesy Google Earth.



SS Yongala - courtesy Wikipedia




Note that this blog and contents are copywrite protected.

INQUIRY INTO THE LOSS OF S.S. YONGALA.

 Daily Commercial News, 27 June, 1911.


MARINE COURT INQUIRY.
The Loss of the Yongala.
The inquiry into the circumstances
connected with the loss of the Adelaide
S.S. Company's s.s. Yongala which
occurred on March 23, was held at
Brisbane last week. Captain Mackay 
presided, and the other members of
the Board present were Captain Collin,
Messrs. P. Henderson, Munro, and T.
J. Johnston.

Mr. E. B. Wareham, Queensland inspector 
and attorney for the company, produced a 
plan of the ship, the allocation of the cargo, 
and the capacity of the holds. 

Mr. Wareham said he had been in the 
employ of the company for 16 years, and 
knew their ships well, with the exception of the
Koombana. He knew the Yongala well; she 
was a 'fast ship, her steaming capacity being 
from 16 to 17 knots'.
He would call her a stiff ship under
normal conditions. He knew the
master well; he was a good seaman
and particularly steady. 

Captain Knight's track record with the Adelaide Steamship Company spoke for itself. 'Steady' was a better choice of word than 'cautious'.

The Yongala arrived in Australia at the 
beginning of December, 1903. She was 
built by Armstrong, Whitworth and Co., 
and was of 3664 tons gross. Her length
was 350ft, beam 45ft 2in, and depth
27ft 2in. She went at once into the
trade between Sydney and Fremantle.

On her trip the steamer would
have a full general cargo, and a supply 
of bunker coal and fresh water.
The bunkers would be replenished at
Fremantle for the run to Adelaide. She
would have very little cargo, and
would be practically empty on the trip
east. Her mean draft on that trip
would be from 16ft 8in to 17ft 6in.
Her full draught would be about 24ft.

Mr. Warehams' figures give us an average draft of about 17 ft. empty and 24 ft. full. This is a range of 7 ft.. Right from the outset Mr. Wareham protested that Yongala, in very light condition, made a number of safe runs across from Fremantle to Adelaide. 

Her water ballast amounted to 406
tons. In May, 1904, after she had run
five complete trips, it was decided to
put some stiffening into her to steady
her for the run back across the Bight.
In May, 1904, while the vessel was in
Sydney, 164 tons of pig iron was placed
in the after end of No. 2 hold (forward)
In May,1907, when she was taken off 
that run to go on the Melbourne-Cairns 
run, the vessel having no longer had to
contend with the heavy seas in light
trim, the ballast was taken out. 

This was not entirely the truth of the matter. Yongala periodically serviced the route to and from Fremantle, crossing the Bight, up to as late as December, 1910.

The words 'ballast taken out' smacks of risk-taking and 'to steady her' could not be more incriminating.

Captain Knight had written to him, 
stating that the vessel was very much 
better since the pig iron was taken out.
The rolling was less pronounced, and
she recovered more gently, having 
entirely lost the jerky recovery which
characterised her when the pig iron
was on board. She was more comfortable 
in a seaway, and the removal of
the pig iron, he thought, would in no
way affect the stability of the vessel.

Captain Knight was no longer around to confirm or deny this statement.

Luxury passenger steamers of the era were designed to be slightly top heavy for comfort; a longer, slower roll. However, this was a balancing act and too tender (top heavy) created stability problems, which could be dangerous in severe gale-force conditions. 

The pig iron was an acknowledgement of this inherent top heaviness when Yongala was in light condition. Fully loaded it was not necessary but with minimal cargo it was recognised as a safety measure. 

A jerky recovery, however, could result in passengers falling on the promenade deck, which was a phenomenon shared with the Waratah when she was ultimately stabilised. 

Captain Mackay: You know, of course, 
Mr. Wareham, the keen competition 
between companies and their desire to 
get as much speed as possible out of 
their vessels. Did you give Captain 
Knight any emphatic orders to
push the Yongala?

Mr. Wareham;. No, I have never
given such orders. I always leave it to
the discretion of the master. Of course
they sometimes push the boat some
what to catch a tide. 

He would hardly admit to that....

https://yongalarevisited.blogspot.com/2016/08/exciting-ocean-race.html

The draught of the Yongala when she 
left Brisbane was 17ft 9in forward and 
22ft 6in aft. She left on Tuesday, March 21,
and at the draught mentioned, there
would be 667 tons of cargo, coal in
bunkers 613 tons, fresh water 120
tons, stores and spare gear 120 tons.
There was no record of the amount
of water in her ballast tanks, of which
the capacity was 406 tons. She would
carry 3350 tons within her holds, bunkers, 
and ballast tanks full.  

Mr. Wareham's calculation gives a figure of 2,091 tons cargo, full.

607 tons was 29% of capacity (not 34% as previously assumed based on total cargo figure of 1,800 tons).

It was likely that ballast tanks were full, but Mr. Wareham did not push the speculation factor.

The vessel would lift 3 in. between Brisbane
and Flat-top owing to consumption of coal 
and fresh water. She discharged 60 tons of 
cargo there, and would be about 8 in. lighter 
when she left there. Her draught would then be 
19 ft 8 in. At 10 o'clock on the night of the 
accident she would 'have been drawing 
19 ft 71/2 in.' 

This paragraph is revealing.  

Mr. Wareham made the assumption that Yongala's draught would be 19 ft. 7 1/2 in. by 10 p.m., 23 March. He was in the ball park, 1 hour 45 minutes off the correct time of the disaster; 10 p.m. vs. 11.45 p.m..

On what grounds did he base his time estimation and why???

Mr. Wareham informed the Court that when Yongala was in ballast she drew about 17 ft.. When fully loaded she drew 24 ft.. This is a differential of 7 ft.

Carrying 29% of cargo carrying capacity, 23 March, Yongala drew 19 ft. 7 1/2 in.. a differential of just over 4 ft.. 29% of 7 ft. is 2 ft.. added to 17 ft. = 19 ft.. 

19 ft. is 7 1/2 in. short of his own estimation, and more tender.


The ship, when she left Flat Top, had 
only 3cwt (0.168 tons) of cargo on the 
winch deck.

Main deck.  

In answer to Mr. Munro, he said the 
ship had no cargo on her upper deck 
when she left Brisbane.

Boat deck.

To Mr. Johnston he said he did not
know whether the ship when she was
built was tried for stability.

This was a peculiar comment given that all steamers of the era were subjected to a heeling test to establish stability curves during different conditions of lading. Perhaps he did not want those curves presented in Court and certainly not any recommendations made by the builders as regards dead weight and ballasting....

The ship would be more buoyant if her 
ballast tanks were empty, but they could 
never be emptied unless she had some 
cargo in her holds.

Common sense and given that Yongala was inherently top heavy, steaming into gale conditions, one assumes that 406 tons (minus fresh water consumed) were in the tanks on departure from Flat Top.

Captain Mackay: What is your
opinion of the fate of the ship

Mr. Wareham: My opinion is that on
account of bad weather the ship was
blown out of her course and struck a
rock, ripping her bilge open. What
makes me more certain of that is the
cargo that was stowed in the lower holds
was the first, to come out. It was light
cargo. I have received a letter from
the Meteorological Bureau, giving 
information regarding the state of the
weather on day and night of the disaster. 
The letter stated that a strong south-east 
gale was blowing when the Yongala 
passed Dent Island. I think she struck 
north of Flinders Passage.

This was a contradiction in terms, light cargo in lower holds where heavy cargo was generally stowed in steamers of the era.

Confirmation of a strong southeast gale.
Captain Collin:: Has there ever been
any record of the ship having shifted
her cargo or coal in her bunkers?
Mr. Wareham: No, she has never
been known to shift a cargo, nor has
she ever broken down. Captain
Knight had her all the time, with the
exception of six months, during which
time Captains Mackenzie and Irvine
had her.

Captain Knight knew his ship intimately over a period of time! Cargo shifting was of primary concern in gale-force weather and could cause a steamer to capsize.

Mr. Johnston : Did either Captain
Mackenzie or Captain Irvine ever
make any complaint about the ship?
Mr. Wareham: No.

Mr. Johnston: I suppose she had
met big seas on the run from
Fremantle to Adelaide?

Mr. Wareham: Yes; she has been in
some heavy seas.

Captain Mackay: But you can't compare 
the long regular roll off the Western 
Australian coast with a hurricane
sea?

Mr. Wareham: I am perfectly confident 
that she struck a rock.

Captain Mackay had confronted the crux of the matter and Mr. Wareham evaded this significant point by insisting Yongala had struck an obstacle.

Captain Mackay: I am positive that
no other ship would survive. You
think, Mr. Wareham, that the ship
would have survived anything, other
than a rock ?

Captain Mackay tried to 'help' but to no avail. Mr. Wareham was supposed to say that no ship could have survived such an onslaught. 

Mr. Wareham: Yes.

Captain Mackay: Do you say you
thought the Yongala would bear up
under a hurricane which tore up big
trees by the roots and hung them
about as if they were saplings?

Captain Mackay was supposed to be interrogating Mr. Wareham not assisting him! The point made, however, is clear: conditions which could cause such damage to large trees would have overwhelmed any vessel, stable or not.

Mr. Wareham: A tree would be stationary, 
and would offer a good deal of resistance, 
but the Yongala would be running before 
the storm.

Again this notion of outrunning a severe southeast gale. Mr. Wareham did not seize the assistance on offer. 

Captain Mackay: If she was, that
would dispel the idea that she struck
a reef, as the storm was travelling
toward the land.

Captain Mackay gently trying to steer the man back to a cyclone of formidable fury approaching land. 
Christian Hansen, stevedore in the
employ of the Adelaide S.S. Company,
said the cargo was well stowed in the
Yongala when she left Brisbane. They
always tried to get the heavy cargo
at the bottom of the holds. The light
cargo which was found after the
disaster was Melbourne cargo, and in
Brisbane similar cargo was put on top
of it.

The truth of the matter and directly contradicting Mr. Wareham; finding light cargo suggested that Yongala capsized and in that process released upper most, light cargo into the sea through compromised hatch 3.

The ballast tanks were always
filled before leaving port. He had been
to sea and had travelled on the Yongala. 
In her normal trim she did not roll any 
more than any other ship.

Makes sense and in 'normal' conditions she would 'not roll any more than any other ship'.

She was a fine ship, and he had always
heard passengers speak well of her,
and particularly of the man who was
the master. The vessel was exceptionally 
well stowed, and she carried less deck 
cargo than on any of her previous 
Queensland trips. It was absolutely 
impossible for the cargo to shift. He had 
never heard of the coal shifting. There 
was about 60 tons of light Melbourne 
cargo in the bottom of the holds.

Captain Mackay to Mr. Wareham:
Has the cargo found at Cape Bowling
Green been absolutely identified as the
cargo that was placed in the after
hold?

Mr. Wareham: Yes, absolutely.

Captain Mackay: How much do you
think came out?

Mr. Wareham: Less than 10 tons
altogether.

Captain Mackay: You recognise that
there must have been an immense
fracture to allow of such cargo escaping?

Mr. Wareham thought it probable
that a long narrow hole was torn in
the ship, and she foundered very
quickly.

Captain Mackay said the Meteorological 
Bureau's information confirmed the 
opinion of the board as to how the 
disaster occurred. Captain Knight
evidently having a south-east gale
behind him, decided to go ahead. Every
thing was in his favour. Then this
terrific rotary storm came across his
path, and what happened after that
was a matter of conjecture.

Beautifully and succinctly put. I believe this was precisely the truth of the matter. 
Mr. Wareham stated that neither the
Yongala nor the Grantala carried
a raft in addition to the boats. His
assumption was that the cargo which
had not been found had drifted through
the Flinders Passage.

A raft in relation to easier escape from a rapidly sinking ship?

Mr. Wareham (re-called) said the
ship cost £102,000, and was insured
for £65,000, the company taking the
balance of the risk.

Although this seemed like the ship was under-insured, it must be factored in that Yongala was more than 7 years old and depreciation must be taken into account. Very similar to Koombana.

Five bags and one basket of mails 
had been recovered. No bran or chaff, 
except that which was required for the
horse and bull was on deck. Some of 
the chaff picked up was shipped at 
Brisbane. There were six tons from 
Melbourne, eight tons from Sydney, 
and three tons from Brisbane. About 
25 tons of bran and pollard was also 
shipped at Brisbane, and the bulk of it 
was stowed in Nos. 2 and 3 lower holds.

Captain Rothwell, a pilot and master
mariner, said he had been sent to
examine the reefs near Townsville, on
the steamer Porpoise. He examined
Boulder, Broadhurst and Wheeler
reefs, but none of them presented any
thing extraordinary. A steamer striking 
any of the reefs would remain there. 
He also examined Keeper Reef,
which was remarkable for its pinnacles
which went down to a distance of 12
fathoms, and were covered by about
two fathoms of water. It would be fatal
to a steamer to strike on of those
pinnacles. From his experience as a 
master mariner of rotary storms, he 
did not think it was likely that the
steamer ran on to a reef. She was
more likely to have run ashore near
Cape Bowling Green; either that, or
she went down in the storm. The
big storms went inland and uprooted
every tree within a certain radius. He
thought the steamer encountered the
full force of the storm about midnight,
and foundered owing to a list caused
by the shifting of the cargo.

Was the man psychic. He certainly had the firmest grip on the reality of the disaster.
The only thing he found during his search 
was a steamer's hatch. It was a solid
hatch. The hatch measured 5 ft 10 in
in length, and 2 ft 6 in in width.

Such dimensions could be corroborated with Yongala's plans.

The water was fairly clear where the
search was made, but they could not
see any distance down with the naked
eye.

Captain Mackay: What chance
would there be of finding the ship if
a further search were made?

Captain Rothwell: I don't think
there would be much chance, as I had
a spar trailing at a depth of 16 fathoms,
and if there had been anything in the 
shape of a ship on the bottom the spar 
would have caught something.
Continuing, he said he thought the
cargo would have shifted when the
ship heeled over to a certain angle.
If something like that had not happened 
he thought she could have pulled
through. He did not think the ship
succumbed owing to instability.

Cargo shifting was something which could certainly signal the end of a steamer.

He did not think it should be very difficult
to run over the track taken by the
Yongala and locate the spot within a
few miles where she would have been
at midnight on that date. She should
have been 10 or 12 miles north of
Cape Upstart. 

The distance is actually 26 miles, but the man's deduction is impressive to say the least!!

Midnight was correct.





Cape Upstart, 26 miles from site of disaster - courtesy Google Earth


He had no reason to suggest that 
there was anything wrong in the 
stowage of the cargo or with the 
equipment. He had never heard
that any of the officers were lacking
in ability. The reason why he did not
think the ship struck a rock was that
so small a quantity of cargo escaped.
Rationale rules.

Mr. O'Shea: Do you suggest that any
human effort could have saved her?

The only thing would have been to
have anchored in Whitsunday Passage.

And this was excused because there was general acknowledgment that Captain Knight probably thought he was outrunning a frontal system coming up the coast.

Mr. O'Shea: Don't you think that the
fact that the inner music-room doors
and not the outer doors were found
points to a different conclusion than
the one you have come to?
Witness: The inner doors would be
very frail, and if a sea got inside it
would break them.

Makes complete sense.

Mr. O'Shea: Assuming that the mail
room was part of the ship, and was
secured by a Yale lock how do you
account for the mails being found?

Witness: It may have been that at
Mackay, the mails were not put in the
mail-room.

Mr. O'Shea: Well, if she foundered,
do you think the mail-room would
burst open?

Witness: No.

Mr. O'Shea: If she struck a rock, do
you think the mail-room would be
opened?

Witness: I do not think so.

Mr. Wareham: I have been informed
that the mails at Mackay were placed
on board at the last moment, and in
all probability were never placed in
the mail-room.

Such an impressive witness not yielding to the theory of striking an obstacle.

Alexander M. Leslie, superintendent
of wharves and stores for Dalgety and
Co., said he held a master's certificate,
and a commission in the R.N.R. He
sailed for over two years in the
Yongala as second officer. She had 
a reputation as a tender, but safe ship.
It only took a few tons of cargo on
either side to give her a list.

He might as well have stopped at this point. Case proven, Yongala was an inherently tender (top heavy) ship. A few tons on either side to give her a list was convincing.

He had heard that she was a ship that 
rolled heavily, but not dangerously. He 
had been in her through some of the 
heaviest gales of wind that ever blew in
the Australian Bight. The ship always
righted herself steadily.

The Age, 24 April, 1907.

YONGALA IN HEAVY SEAS.
The steamer Yongata had a rough passage 
from Melbourne. Off Cape Northumberland 
she shipped tremendous seas, and the fore 
and aft deck cargo was adrift The engineer 
reduced speed lo "slow," and the ship headed 
sea until the cargo was lashed.

Captain Knight always considered the ship
steadier after the pig iron ballast had
been taken out. Witness could not say
that he had ever sailed on a better
sea boat. Even when she had a trim
of 19 ft aft and from 10 ft to 11 ft forward 
she behaved well.

She must have been difficult to handle with a forward draught like that and quoting Captain Knight was disingenuous. 

Note that the lowest draught average here is 14.5 ft. which gives a differential of 9.5 ft. compared to Mr. Wareham's estimate of 7 ft. when Yongala was in ballast (empty). Who was telling the truth?

If one uses the differential of 9.5 ft. equivalent to 2,091 tons we get: 

- 607 tons equivalent to 2.755 ft. which added to 14.5 ft. = 17.255 ft..

Mr. Wareham came to the conclusion that Yongala was drawing 19 ft. 7 1/2 in. at the time of the disaster, but the truth hinted at above by Mr. O'Shea, is that the draught was actually in the region of 17 ft. some 2 ft. 7 in. lighter.

In fact the average figure of 17 ft. was the very draught quoted to justify the 164 tons of stablising pig iron required by the steamer, and which was notably absent in these disastrous circumstances! 

Captain Mackay: You don't mean to
say that is good trim for a ship?

Witness: No, but we could not help
it; we had not the cargo.

Point confirmed! This proved that without cargo in forward holds Yongala was too light in the bow and needed the pig iron. 

Captain Mackay: I can quite understand 
a ship rolling under such conditions. 
He could not think for one moment that 
she did other than strike an obstruction. 
He could not conceive that such a ship 
was blown over.

Captain Mackay was blatantly biased in favour of a stable Yongala. 

Captain Mackay: I want you to
discriminate between the heaviest 
gale that ever blew and a Hurricane.
Witness: My opinion is that she
struck some obscure obstacles.

During his time he never heard of passengers
leaving the ship at Adelaide to join another ship. 

So there had been concerns.....

He had seen the ship roll very heavily, 
but had never known her to shift her 
cargo or coal.

Again the rolling pattern of a top heavy vessel would be described as 'roll very heavily'. In doing so the angle of heel could have been large enough to cause even well stowed cargo to shift (the SS Vestris disaster is a good example of this).


The ship made good courses, and
Captain Knight was a man who never
varied the track. The ship kept about
13 miles off Cape Upstart, and six and
a half off Cape Bowling Green. The
same track was taken day or night.

Yongala went down a further 3.5 miles off Cape Bowling Green which suggests that either Captain Knight was giving himself more sea-room or Yongala had drifted marginally off course during the height of the gale. The wreck site is still within the broader large steamer track.



6.5 miles does appear to be cutting a corner - unwise in cyclone conditions. Courtesy Google Earth.



Captain Mackay: There has been
something said about the presence of
a light at Cape Gloucester preventing
the disaster; did you ever fail to see
Cape Gloucester looming up, bold and
high?
Witness: No, we never failed to see
it; we passed within three-quarters of
a mile of it. 

Witness had never heard of Mr. Wareham 
giving instructions to Captain Knight as to 
time. 

This statement suggests that time pressure might have been an issue, but in the context of Flat Top to Townsville overnight, there was no need for more than easy steam.

The mails were placed in No. 3 hold. 
The mail room carried bonded cargo.
The hatch he had seen within the 
precincts of the Port Office was not
from the Yongala.

This explanation confirms why mails were found, having been released from hold 3.

How would this man have known that the hatch was not from Yongala? The hatch was an important link to the ship having been battered by the cyclone rather than striking an obstacle. One suspects that there would have been denials of its origins. A hatch which had been some time in the water (another vessel) would have been covered with barnacles. No reports of this were made and frankly the coincidence would have been absurd.

Mr. O'Shea: He said there was no
danger in the rolling of the Yongala.
The fact that she had 1800 tons on
board would make her less tender. She
was a seaworthy ship if she had 20
tons on the upper and 'tween decks,
and 1800 tons below decks. He could
not give any evidence on the question
of the point where she disappeared.

A sound argument.
Captain Fredk.. Graham Shaw, 
assistant shipping inspector for Brisbane, 
said he inspected the Yongala when 
she was in Brisbane on her last
voyage. She was a well-equipped 
vessel, and complied with the regulations
in every respect. She had remarkably
little deck cargo — less, perhaps, than
he had seen before on a ship. It was
not within his province to look to the
stowing of cargo.
Captain Forrester, shipping inspector 
for the port of Brisbane, said he
had visited the Yongala a great 
number of times. He had never heard the
question of her instability raised by
her passengers or anyone else. He did
not think there was anything in the
ship which was different to other ships.
When she passed out to sea on her first
voyage she could not have been in a
better trim. He had never heard
anything said either in her praise or
to her detriment. The ship was like
other ships. If a ship was not a first
class ship he should certainly say
something about it.
Captain Sim, commander of the
Grantala, described the Yongala as a
very good sea-boat. He had charge of
her four years ago. He had heard 
rumours from people who had never 
been in her that she was 'cranky.' While
he was in command she encountered
several heavy gales across the Bight.
On the night of the loss of the Yongala 
he was coming south in the Grantala. 
Finding the weather dirty, he put back 
to Cape Bowling Green and anchored. 

There is no denying that the severity of conditions forced Captain Sim to seek shelter. The implication is glaring that Captain Knight should have done the same, unless he was caught in the cyclone in no-man's land, too late for such choices.
The wind veered round from the
SSE to NW, which showed that he
was on the western margin of the
right-hand semi-circle of a cyclone.

Correct.

He did not think the Yongala went on
the reefs, but would not venture an
opinion as to how she was lost. He
did not think it likely that Captain
Knight could have taken the inside
course between Armit and Gumbrell
islands after passing Dent Island, 
because he could not have seen the
islands. 

Captain Knight seldom varied his course in good or bad weather, day or night. Captain Sim raised an important point with regard to visibility but the Cannon Valley residents had seen Yongala passing along this route. Case closed.
It was possible that the ship
may have run across the vortex of a
cyclone, and she might have struck
something before getting clear. The
weather was very thick that night. He
did not know if it was true that Captain 
Knight used the inside course in
all weathers. At the point where he
(witness) anchored that night, the wind
was not travelling more than 70 or 80
miles an hour. It was at its worst
between 11 o'clock that night and 3
o'clock next morning. There was
nothing in it, as far as he could see, to
make the control of a vessel impossible, 
and noticed nothing abnormal in
the tides and currents. He did not
think the ship could have been over
come by the elements alone. The 
vessel was very easy to manage.
Again pushing the striking an obstacle theory. It was all out defending Yongala's seaworthiness. Captain Sim was after all a Company man.

Wm. Kenneth Saunders, chief officer,
and Frederick Kirket Brown, chief 
engineer of the Grantala, both gave 
evidence to the effect that the Yongala
was an excellent sea boat and well
equipped.

Henry Adamson, superintendent 
engineer to the Adelaide Steamship 
Company, said the Yongala was built by
a good firm and to good specifications.
She had excellent machinery, and all
her engine shafting was from 20 to 25
per cent, above requirements, so that it
was not likely to break. He never had
the slightest fear of her under any
conditions. 

Her funnel was peculiar as it had been 
built into the ship, and if would have stood 
even if the guides were blown away. 

In my opinion, this was Yongala's weak link. Such an enormous funnel in hurricane-force conditions could have assisted in dragging the steamer over. In fact in years to come, Grantala, Yongala's sister ship had her funnel reduced in size.

The ship had been  carefully tested 
for stability, and had never broken 
down. He did not think the disaster 
could have happened through any 
mishap to the machinery, which was 
the strongest he had seen on the 
coast. He did not think that everything 
would go if the funnel went
over the side. The ship would still
have a good length of funnel left. He
would not venture an opinion as to
what happened to the ship. He 
supervised the building of the Grantala 
and Yongala. The specifications were 
very rigid, and both ships were looked 
upon by the company as the best ships 
of their dimensions that could be built.
He travelled from Sydney in her on
her last voyage, and she was then a
well equipped ship. Taking into 
consideration the amount of coal 
consumed and the cargo discharged at
Mackay he estimated the freeboard of
the vessel at the time of the disaster
at 11ft. The builders were responsible
for the design of the vessel. Their
reputation was at stake. In his opinion
the Yongala was a well designed, safe
vessel. She was classed as A1 at
Lloyd's, and up to the time of her loss
was still in that class.

There's no denying Yongala's attributes. But stability was a function of ballasting and with 29% cargo on board, she was vulnerable in a cyclone.

Captain Mackay said the board were
perfectly satisfied as to the stability
of the ship.

Captain Edward Northcote, general
manager for the Adelaide Steamship
Company, made a short explanation as
to the pig iron put into the ship when
in the Western Australian trade. In
the Western Australian trade she had
no back cargo on the run from 
Fremantle, and owing to the consumption
of coal and fresh water it was an 
advantage to have some weight. By
placing it in No. 2 lower hold the vessel 
was in better trim. He found that
it made the vessel deeper by 6in forward 
and 1in aft. She was less lively
in a seaway. When the ship was
drafted into the Queensland trade the
average draught of the ship was some
3ft greater, and represented over 900
tons more weight. In the absence of
any facts he would not like to venture
an opinion as to what happened to the
ship. 

There is no denying that this was the Adelaide Steamship Company's achilles heel in the Inquiry. Yongala required additional ballasting when in light trim. It was a weak link.

He did not think such a hurricane
would overwhelm the ship. he had
come through two hurricanes lately,
one in a ship that he would not class 
with the Yongala.

This statement is reminiscent of the ageing Bullarra surviving the Balla Balla Blow and Koombana not. It was all a question of top hamper and the modern luxury vessels boasted plenty of that compared with the more humble steamers of the time.
Captain Geo. Dibble, a master mariner, 
presented his theory to the board.
He thought the Yongala would anchor
in about 12 fathoms of water after she
had passed Gloucester Head. The wind,
blowing from the south-south-west,
would have driven her so hard that
the cables parted and she drifted, or
was driven on to Nares Rock. His
idea was that the Yongala would be
found within a radius of five miles from
Nares Rock. 

It would be quite safe for Captain Knight 
to go by the inner route, even on a bad 
night.

A valiant attempt to defend the actions of Captain Knight.
Captain Mackenzie, commander of
the Wollowra, said he had command
of the Yongala for six months, and
she was the finest sea boat he was
ever in. In 23 years 'experience on
the coast he had only been outside
Armit and Gumbrell islands on three
occasions. He was confident Captain
Knight took that course, as it was the
safest. 

Such protests demonstrated a closing of ranks within the shipping circle.

He thought the vessel got as far as 
Cape Upstart. He thought the
ship was blown away to leeward
among the reefs. The storm probably
went inland and blew out to sea again.
The cyclones of which they had records 
all occurred within 10 days.

'Within 10 days' of what??

Captain Mackay: The board have no
doubt that the ship was one of the
staunchest and best found on the
coast, but they want some professional
opinion as to how she met her fate.

Captain Mackay certainly made his position clear, well within the pro Adelaide Steamship Company 'circle'.

Don't you think there is some chance
that the ship touched on the reefs
when passing Armit Island, and, then
stranded?

Captain Mackenzie: I don't think
so; I don't believe she was injured
until she reached Cape Upstart. If
the ship struck a pinnacle near Armit
Island the captain could turn round
one of the islands and get his boats
out. 

Perfectly reasonable.

I think she is up among the reefs
near Flinders Passage. All my 
inquiries have led me to believe that the
cyclone came from the south-west. The
cyclone was something unusual, some
thing that had never been heard of in
Australia before. I have heard of
cyclones going the wrong way in the
Bay of Bengal. 

I believe that the confusion resulted from the fact that it was a hybrid cyclone - see image




I did not think she capsized. She would 
heel over, like all fine bottomed vessels, 
to a certain extent, but she would not 
capsize. 

Again the protests continued.

He had been in cyclones, and he was sure
a man could not hold on to the wheel.
All the shelter would be swept away.
Under such circumstances a ship
would be out of control. A drop of
water driven by a cyclone would cut
a man's flesh. 

A realistic comment.

He added that all the men trained 
under the A.U.S.N. Company went 
outside. Captain Knight would be 
perfectly justified in taking the inner 
passage on that night. 

Contradictory statement. It was not 'perfectly justified'.

He (witness) would take that passage at
any time. He liked to get all the islands 
on the sky line, and if he took the outer 
passage he could not do so.

A practical, common sense reason, which in some respects seems safer.
Mr. Johnston: If you went to search
for this vessel what would you make
your starting point?

Captain Mackenzie: Broadhurst Reef.
He thought the best way to find the
vessel would be to send up a captive
balloon. It would take six months to
make a survey of that coast. He
thought, and had thought for a long
time, that a light was needed on Cape
Gloucester or Middle Island.
Captain Mackay said he had got the
opinion of various master mariners as
to where additional lights should be
placed, but Cape Gloucester had never
been mentioned.

Captain Mackay, 20 May, 1911:

"He recommends further, the necessity for a light 
on Gloucester Head, or in that locality, and that the 
question of a light at Point Lookout remain in abeyance 
until the visit of the Federal expert."

Captain Mackay was dishonest.

Mr. Johnston: Do you think, Captain
Mackenzie, that any additional lights
in that vicinity would have made any
difference on that night?

Captain Mackenzie: It would all depend 
on what the night was like.

Captain Mackay: What difference do
you think wireless telegraphy would
make in a cyclone like that?

Captain Mackenzie: Not much.

This is a loaded statement. Neither Yongala or Grantala were fitted with wireless. If they had been, perhaps Captain Sim could have warned Captain Knight he was steaming into worse conditions, rather than outrunning such. One thing is clear, Captain Mackenzie was not under the impression a (non-existent) cyclone warning could have been transmitted to Yongala running headlong into disaster. 

Captain Binstead, Torres Strait
pilot, gave evidence regarding his 
experience of Whitsunday Passage. He
used to take the inside course between
Armit and Gumbrell islands, but he
now went outside. He thought the
Yongala had struck Nares Rock or
some projection near it. He did not
think Captain Knight would have 
attempted the course between Armit 
and Gumbrell islands on that night.

Empty words.
Captain Hurford, master of the 
steamer Bombala, said he went between
Armit and Gumbrell islands at all
hours of the night and day in fine
weather. He thought the Yongala
struck some uncharted danger. He
considered Captain Knight took his
vessel outside Eschelby Island. 


the implication is clear that outside Eschelby Island was not via Armit and Gumbrell - courtesy Google Earth.

On such a night as that of March 23 it
would be impossible to see a light even
if one was there on Gloucester Head.
Captain Mackay: Have you ever received 
instructions about anchoring in
hurricane weather?

Captain Hurford: No; I have never
received instructions; I should say a
master would decide to anchor in 
hurricane weather.

Captain Sim (re-called) said that
No. 1 lifeboat on the Yongala, portion
of which had been picked up, would
be on the port side.

This is a fascinating revelation. Max Gleeson claims that only davits on Yongala's starboard side had been swung out. But this lifeboat was from the port side and the only one discovered after the disaster. It suggests, strongly, that the hurricane conditions did much damage to the vessel, liberating all or part of lifeboat number 1 from the davit. What became of the starboard side lifeboats is in the realm of speculation.

Captain Gerritt Smith, master of the
Cooma, said he did not often go be
tween Armit and Gumbrell islands. He
would only do so in very fine weather.
He did not think Captain Knight would
have done so on the night of March 23.

What were they all trying to prove when the residents of Cannon Valley had seen Yongala passing along the inside passage on the night in question.

Captain Sharland, master of the
Warrego, said he had been a shipmate
of Captain Knight's for about four
years. He did not think the captain
would have gone through the inside
passage on that night. On the night
after the wreck took place he (witness)
anchored 18 miles this side of Dent
Island light in consequence of thick
weather. When he was there the 
Grantala came along and he got
his bearings from her. There was very 
little wind or sea. He did not think a
cyclone would be strong enough to
turn over such a big and welt-built
ship as the Yongala.

The cyclone, narrow in diameter (30 miles) had arrived, caused destruction and dissipated within 24 hours. It was certainly strong enough to uproot huge trees.
George E. Bond, of the Meteorological 
Bureau, also gave evidence. Captain 
Mackay informed him that Captain 
Mackenzie had thought the cyclone 
came from the south-west.

Mr. Bond said his opinion was that
there was nothing to support the
south-westerly theory. The charts
showed pretty clearly that the storm
came from the ocean to the north
east. No such storms had been known
to come from the other direction.

Indeed. 

The storm was in existence on March 20
and a notification was sent on that day 
to the coastal stations to the effect that 
a depression existed to the north-east of 
Cardwell, and probably moving toward the 
seaboard. 

The official weather forecast appeared in the press as follows:

The Argus, Melbourne, 24 March, 1911.

THE WEATHER

OFFICIAL FORECAST

Forecast by the Commonwealth Meteorologist
Mr. H. A. Hunt, Thursday 9 pm. (23 March)

"Fine throughout, some cloud in southern districts
and one or two misty showers along the coast. 
Variable winds tending east and northeast."

Queensland: cloudy with further rains along
seaboard: unsettled along Peninsular, with 
probability of stormy weather with heavy falls.
Fine inland, with moderate temperatures;
southeasterly winds.

On the 22nd there was little change in the
conditions, but on the afternoon of the
23rd a report from Bowen showed 
unmistakable developments. On receipt
of the report a message warning ships 
was sent from Brisbane. A telegram was 
sent to Flat-top, but it arrived too late for 
the Yongala.

It is rather extraordinary that the cyclone warning did not appear AT ALL in the weather forecast for Queensland, 23 March, 1911. Stormy weather and heavy falls, associated with southeasterly winds was exactly the assessment made by Captain Knight when he made his dash for Townsville.

But NO official cyclone warning.
Mr. O'Shea briefly addressed the
board, and expressed the hope that
whatever decision was arrived at
would not be based on conjecture, but
on whatever facts they had before them.
If this was not done the public might
form a conclusion adverse to the 
company's interests.

And there you have it. The public, in my opinion, would have formed its own conclusion irrespective of protests issued by the company at the Inquiry. 
The Queensland Marine Board 
delivered the following finding regarding
the loss of the steamer Yongala.
The board found that the steamer
Yongala, official No. 118,332, registered 
in Adelaide, Captain Wm. Knight,
master, and owned by the Adelaide
Steamship Company, Ltd., was on a
voyage from Melbourne to Cairns, via
ports. In view of certain rumours
being circulated reflecting on the ship's
stability the board invited, through the
press, persons desirous of giving 
evidence to attend the inquiry, which
notice, however, met with no response.

One does wonder about this....

The finding goes on to quote the 
evidence of Mr. Adamson, the company's
superintendent engineer, and says the
board was satisfied that the vessel, in
construction, stability, and seaworthiness, 
was equal to any of her class on the 
Australian coast. 

Apart from requiring pig iron ballast.

The cost of the vessel was £102,000, 
the underwriters' proportion of the 
insurance was £ 65,000, and the balance 
was carried by the owners. 

The vessel left Brisbane on March 21, 
with a total dead weight of 1885 tons, 
fully manned and equipped, and in 
excellent trim. The draught aft was 
22 ft. 6in.(with 29% cargo?!), forward 
17ft., 8in., leaving a clear side of 10ft.
6in. 

With only 29% of cargo capacity on board it seems extraordinary that the aft draught figure was a mere 1.5 ft. short of maximum. Presenting suspicious draft figures brought unwanted attention straight back to the question of stability.

Henry Adamson had already claimed a free side (free board) of 11 ft.. They were not even consistent with their figures.


She had a general cargo and
passengers for northern ports, and
reached Mackay on March 23. The
weight of cargo in the vessel was 667
tons, almost entirely in the lower hold
and properly stowed. - There were 53
tons in the 'tween' deck, ;40 tons of
which were for Mackay, and 11 tons on
deck, 10 of which were also for Mackay. 

The number of passengers on board on 
leaving Mackay were: — First saloon 
passengers, 29; second saloon passengers, 
19; crew, 72; total 120.
Reviewing the evidence from the
time the Yongala left the anchorage at
Mackay, at 1.40 p.m. on March 23, the
finding states:— 'It has been given in
evidence that several masters, including 
Captain Knight, when proceeding
from Whitsunday Passage north, were
in the habit of using the in-shore route
passing between Armit and Gumbrell
islands, The board, however, is of opinion, 
(and ignoring the Cannon Valley residents)
taking into consideration the prevailing 
weather conditions at the time, that 
Captain Knight, as a careful and experienced 
master, would not use the passage on that 
occasion.
Several theories were suggested by
witnesses — well-known shipmasters —
as to the cause of the disaster, notably
the vessel striking a reef, or owing to
being rendered helpless in the vortex
of the storm; but as they were merely
conjectures it is not possible to allow
them any consideration. While it
is both gratifying and reassuring that
the vessel's stability and seaworthiness
remain unassailable, and the 
competency and carefulness of Captain
Knight unimpeachable, the board, with
no desire to indulge in idle speculation,
simply finds that after becoming lost
to view by the lightkeeper at Dent Island 
the fate of the Yongala passes beyond 
human ken into the realms of conjecture 
to add one more to the long roll of 
mysteries of the sea.

The conclusion to the Inquiry into the loss of the Koombana a year later:

"In conclusion, the Court simply finds, without 
indulging in useless speculation, that the Stability 
and Seaworthiness of the s.s. Koombana were 
unassailable, and the competency and 
carefulness of her master, Capt. Allen, beyond
question and that after being lost sight of at 
sea on the 20th March, 1912, her fate passes 
beyond human knowledge and remains' a mystery
of the sea."


Whitewash.

The board has to thank Mr. Northcote, 
general manager of the Adelaide
S.S. Company, Mr. Wareham, local 
inspector, and the officers for their 
efforts in supplying every information
and details of every description were 
readily furnished, and witnesses were
brought forward at some inconvenience
to the company's working arrangements. 
The board also commends the company 
for their prompt action in endeavouring 
by every means at their disposal to 
obtain information regarding the 
whereabouts of the missing vessel.

When all is said and done about Yongala's stability, the ferocity of the cyclone would probably have caused any steamer venturing close to the eye, to founder.



courtesy Trove